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Asia: Burma (Myanmar)Country Report Last Updated: May 2003Code: A-1, 2, 3 |
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(Click here for a list of ICC articles on Burma.) List of Articles Last Updated: January 14, 2003 |
COUNTRY STATISTICS
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Area:
678,500 sq. mi |
Languages: Burmese, minority
ethnic groups have own language |
Religious Atmosphere:
Burma, called Myanmar by the brutal military regime, has experienced oppression as one of Asia’s poorest countries. Ravaged by a junta bent on keeping power at all costs in this country a little smaller than Texas, Burma has yet to taste the democracy it desperately seeks.
Political and social unrest has been as much a part of Burma as the people. Predominantly unstable until the invasion of Great Britain 1800’s, Burma was then part of their colonization of India. Burma was finally established independent of India in 1937 but was still ruled by Britain. During World War II, Japan was enlisted to help free them of British rule. By 1941 a trained national, Aung San led thirty other men to begin a revolution to oust Britain from their homeland. However, the Burmese quickly saw Japan had the same idea as Britain in mind, and consequently by 1945 Burma began to work with the British to secure independence. Aung San was assassinated in 1947, six months before Burma would taste freedom.
Aung San’s second in command, U Nu was selected to lead Burma through a brief period of liberation. There was still inner turmoil with the various ethnic groups, however, the night before a joint meeting of representatives from all the groups, the leader of the army, Ne Win, staged a coup and took over power.
Since the coup, Burma has been a military regime ever since. Oppressing the people to instill fear and maintain control has been the primary method of power for the government, officially titled the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Rape is a routine method of oppressing the minorities as well as village raids, pillaging, murder, using people as human minesweepers, and practicing genocide and ethnic cleansing. One top official went so far as to say “In ten years, all Karen (one of the ethnic groups) will be dead.”
The SPDC also engages in kidnapping children to enlist them in the army. Fearing the growing strength of the minority groups joining forces, the Burmese Army is trying to expand using children because of the population shortage. These children suffer beatings and brainwashing, starvation, and are often left for dead if they cannot keep up with the army.
In 1990, due to mass discontent, the SPDC allowed a balloted election where Aung San Suu Kyi, Aung San’s daughter, and her party, the National League for Democracy, won over 80% of the votes. However, rather than step back, the regime put Suu Kyi under house arrest, refused to acknowledge the election results and has since furthered its oppression on the people, and in particular the NLD and followers.
Christian persecution is occurring because it is an ethnic issue. Two of the main minority groups are predominantly Christian while the majority of Burma and the majority of the other five minority groups are Buddhist. The government, afraid of the growing collaboration between the minority states, is currently attempting to use religion to re-divide the minority groups. The army offers soldiers 6,000 kyats’ (their currency) worth of rice to marry a Christian Karenni woman to try to dilute the ethnic group and destroy the culture of the Karenni, which is Christian.
Playing the religion card politically, Buddhism is slightly more tolerated than Christianity. However, Burmese expert, Benedict Rogers told a story of “a Burmese army commander, after leading many attacks on Karen villages, summed up the junta’s philosophy when he said, after urinating on the head of a Buddhist monk: ‘I do not respect any religion. My religion is the trigger of my gun’.” (Catholic Herald Jan. 24, 2003).
Extremist Groups:
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| Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA)--Also known as the Democratic Karen Buddhist Organization, this is a government supported faction made up of Karen people. They support the governments take over of the Karen territory and are very active in the fight against the Karen National Union (KNU). |
Government:
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| Currently, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), which was formerly known as
the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), is in control of the government. It
refuses to acknowledge the 1990 elections in which the National League for Democracy (NLD)
won 80% of the seats. |
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| The government closely monitors all religious groups since it has been these groups that
have been politically active in the past. |
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| Only the individuals who belong to registered religious groups enjoy religious freedom. |
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| Religious publications are subject to censorship. |
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| It is illegal to print or import Bibles translated into indigenous languages. |
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| It is extremely difficult to gain permission to build new churches. |
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| Foreign religious workers are not issued long-term visas. Permanent foreign missionary
establishments have not been allowed since these institutions were nationalized in
1964-65. |
Recent Actions:
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| May 4, 2003 - Dr. Salai Tun Than and 17 other political prisoners were released from
Insein prison. His release is believed to be the result of international pressure on the
Burmese regime, especially after Tun Than's recent hunger strike (see below). |
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| April 27, 2003 - Dr. Salai Tun Than, a Christian political prisoner has begun a hunger
strike to protest human rights abuses in Insein prison. Dr. Tun Than has been denied Holy
Communion and is not allowed to have a Bible. He is also protesting the continued
imprisonment of prisoners of conscience who have completed their sentences. (Free Burma
Coalition) |
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| Ongoing Many Christians from Burmas minority groups are fleeing the country
and seeking asylum in Thailand, India, and the US protectorate of Guam. Many refugees have
been forcibly deported from India while the government of Thailand plans to repatriate all
refugees within 3 years. Those in Guam are often held in custody for extended periods of
time before receiving an asylum hearing. |
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| Ongoing Forced labor continues to occur despite international outcry against this
practice. Government forces have also been known to confiscate private property and demand
tribute from the people. In one case several villages were ordered to give 150 cubic feet
of wood per village as a punishment for having moved the villages 2 years prior. The wood
was then sold and the money was pocketed by the military officer in charge. |
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| November 2002 - The Chin Human Rights Organization reported that Chin Christians in the
village of Lentlang are being forced to help build a Buddhist pagoda. The SPDC has ordered
Christians to provide labor and materials for the pagoda. However, the regime has denied
permission for the building of any new Christian churches in Chin state since 1997. |
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| July 12, 2002 - In Matupi town authorities have been trying to tear down a 30-foot tall
concrete cross just outside the village. The authorities have stopped the project to
improve the town's water supply and refused to connect telephone lines until the local
Christians tear down the cross. This is happening in other parts of Burma as well. Some
Christians are being forced to tear down the crosses and in some cases are put in forced
labor to build pagodas in their place. (Chin Human Rights Organization) |
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| May 30, 2002 - Burmese troops killed ten Karen people, including a pastor, one day after
being ambushed by troops from the Karen Resistance group. Lt. Colonel Kye Sein ordered the
killings, accusing the Karen people in Mukwa village of being part of the Karen Resistance
group. (Jubilee Campaign) |
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| May 3-4, 2002 - Burmese troops attacked the Kho Kay and the Pau Kar Der refugee camps in
Mu Traw District, northern Karen state. All of the houses and buildings in the Kho Kay
camp were burned. At least 500 Karen people fled to neighboring Thailand. (Jubilee
Campaign) |
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| April 5, 2002 - Two Chin pastors, along with 8 other family members, were arrested. Rev.
That Ci and his son-in-law, Rev. Lian Za Dal, were taken to the Dagon North Police state
and later transferred to the Insein prison on April 8. Rev. That Ci was charged with
failing to register his daughter and son-in-law as guests in his home. However, That Ci
had filed the necessary paperwork and had not received a reply. The real reason behind the
arrest seems to be linked to both men's bold outreach to Buddhists in the Dagon North
area. The whereabouts of the 8 other family members are unknown. |
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| March 2002 - The Burman Army continued its rampage against villages in northern Karen
State, destroying another 11 villages in Papun and Nyaunglebin districts. Rice stocks were
also destroyed in some instances in order to cut off the food supply. Villages destroyed
in the most recent attack included: Kwee Tu, Kae Pa Hta, and Htoo Hta Loo (Papun) and Kaw
Mu Der, Ler Per Kho, Kho Hser Der, Mee See, Kaw Hser, Saw Roh Kho and Thaw Keh Kho, and
Loe Khi (Nyaunglebin). Saw Kyaw Htoo and Saw Moung They Htoo were shot and killed by
soldiers. Around 1,000 have been displaced from their homes. (Jubilee Campaign) |
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| November 2001 - January 2002 - At least 18 villages in the districts of Papun and
Nyaunglebin, Karen State, were burned and looted by the Burman army. Rice stocks were
destroyed in several of the villages and at least six people were killed, including some
who stepped on land mines. The attacked villages included: Keh Pa Hta, Htee Ler Baw Kee,
Khaw Hta, Ta Lay Gaw Der, Kaw Mu Khi, K'Nayuang Mu Do, Maw Law Kaw, Lay Wah and Lay Po Kaw
Hti (Papun District) and Htee Bla, Du Paw Lay, Naw Shwe Paw, Kayuk Paw, #3bde, #3 school
village, Thay Ko, Chur Doh and Ho Loe (Nyaunglebin district). Those killed were Myeint Soe
Thin, Pa Ta Roo, Saw Nobel, Po The Htoo and her two children. Several other people were
tortured and still others disappeared. The village attacks also led to the displacement of
around 2,000 people who fled their homes. Also, an entire village of 703 people was
forcibly re-located. Many of the Karen people are Christians. (Jubilee Campaign) |
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| September 28, 2001 More than 80 church buildings have been closed in the capital,
Rangoon, 20 church buildings closed in the Shwe Pyi Tar township, all church buildings
closed in the Hlaing Tai Yar township, the Agape Orphanage House and Agape Orphanage
Ministry closed near Rangoon, and 17 ministers and 5 missionaries have gone into hiding
since early July when an order called the Higher Policy of the State Peace and
Development Council was issued. The order bans all Christians from meeting in
buildings less than a century old. (CSW) |
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| July 20, 2001 Pastor Gracy, 27, of Rinpi Baptist Church was sentenced to two
years of hard labor for harboring Chin separatists. Chin Christians who know her state the
charges are unjustified and she is being persecuted for her faith. On February 13 she was
detained by Burmese soldiers and on July 6 she was sentenced at the Kalayawa hard labor
camp. |
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| December 2000 Christians in Chin State were told not to hold public Christmas
celebrations by order of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Those found to be
violating this order would be arrested and forcibly taken as porters. |
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| July 10, 2000 The Burmese Captain mentioned below (see July 7) ordered the
closure of all Christian schools in Tamu township. |
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| July 7, 2000 A Burmese captain forcefully entered a Seventh-Day Adventist church
in the village of Tin-ka-ya and demanded evidence of legal permission for a school
operated by the church. Though the elders of the church explained that they had been given
permission in 1967, the Captain beat both U Htuang Kho Yan and U Htan Lein. After punching
and kicking the two men, destroying various items, and cursing, the Captain arrested the
two church leaders. |
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| June 2, 2000 The Ah-ma-ka village in Sagaing Division was invaded by the
military. Three churches, 63 homes, and 600 livestock were destroyed, causing over 300
people to become homeless. Most of the villagers are Christians belonging to the Chin
ethnic group. The destruction of property was likely due to the Christians refusal to heed
a warning issued in March 2000, which ordered them to vacate the village by June 2. |
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| June 2000 SPDC officials in Tamu, Sagaing Division, ordered the burning of 16,000
Bibles written in ethnic languages. |
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| May-June 2000 The Burmese army issued an order to stop all construction of
Christian churches in Tiddim, Chin State. |
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| January 2000 Authorities burned down the only school in the Ah-ma-ka village,
leaving many Christian children without education. |
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| October 1999 Buddhist leaders declared Christian radio a threat to their religion
and published a report on how to rid the country of Christianity. The radio programs are
broadcast by the Far East Broadcasting Company in the Philippines. |
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| June 1, 1999 Seven Karen Christians were arrested for spying along the Thai
border. |
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| March 1999 - The Chin people celebrated 100 years of Christianity existing in their
culture. It is said that the Chin is almost 100% Christianized. This has led to a strong
sense of jealousy and anger on the part of many militant Buddhists. Reports have been
received that Buddhist monks backed by the military are being sent to Chin villages to
attempt the conversion of the villagers "back" to Christianity. Villagers are
then forced to build homes for the monks and support some of their daily needs. In
addition, some of the Chin children are reportedly being sent to the capital Rangoon to
receive a Buddhist education against their wishes. |
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| January, 1999 The Chin peoples annual festival held January 1st
- 3rd was strongly opposed by the military this year. A cross erected on a hill
in Thantlang (western Chin state) was pulled down and destroyed by the military. Six
Christian Chin leaders may have been arrested in connection with this. On the 6th
of January, a meeting for prayer and fasting was held in response to the militarys
action. The military then retaliated by cutting phone lines to the village involved and
calling 20 of the Christian leaders in for interrogation. On the 9th they were
informed that official permission from Rangoon would be required to erect a cross like the
one in Thantlang. |
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| March 23, 1998 DKBA - 50 homes were burned in the Karen refugee camp in Maw Ker.
50 people were injured. |
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| March 15, 1998 DKBA - The Karen refugee camp at Mae La was shelled. |
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| March 11, 1998 DKBA - The Karen refugee camp at Wangkha was attacked by 200 armed
men. There were four deaths and sixty casualties. 1300 houses were burnt down along with
churches. hospitals, and a mosque. |
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| March 10, 1998 DKBA - The Karen refugee camp at Quake Lo was attacked. The village
of 6,000 people was burned down and 30 people were killed. |
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| March 1998 DKBA - There are also many accounts of people being taken and forced to serve as porters. The porters were poorly cared for and forced to work 8-10 hours a day for up to twenty days. Those porters who were unable to continue work were beaten and killed. In one case, men and women porters were kept separately at night and it is reported that rapes of the female porters by the soldiers were not uncommon. |
Prisoners:
ICC is not aware of any Christian prisoners at this time.Suggested Actions You Might Take:
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| Pray for the Christians of Burma that they may continue to be protected from harm and that the Christian message may be heard and received by all the people. |
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| Write a respectful letter to one or more of the government officials listed below. * Express your continuing concern for the safety and well being of the Christian community in Burma. Request information about what the government of Burma is doing to protect the rights of its believing citizens. |
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| Contact the elected national officials (Senators, Congressman etc.) for your area as well as the U.S. State Department and express concern for the well being of the Christians in Burma asking them to make an inquiry into their status. |
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| Please keep us informed of any replies or results you may receive! Contact ICC by email at ICC@persecution.org. |
Official Contacts:
| Ambassador U Linn Myaing Embassy of the Union of Myanmar 2300 S St. NW Washington D.C. 20008 Tel: (202) 232-9044 Fax: (202) 332-9046 H.E. General Than Shwe |
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Prom Court, Prom Road Yang, Union of Myanmar Tel: 011 95 1 222-844 Fax: 011 95 1 222-950 Ministry of Home Affairs |
*We make every attempt to keep up with and reflect changes in the national government of Burma and the current human rights situation. We appreciate your feedback if you find any discrepancies in this information. You can contact us by e-mail at: ICC@persecution.org. Thanks.
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"Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves." |
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